진폭의 절대 값을 효율적으로 복구 할 수는 없지만 임의의 많은 샘플을 허용하는 경우 원하는 정확도로 추정 할 수 있습니다.
보다 구체적으로, 입력 상태가 각각의 제 1 모드 에서 단일 광자 이고, 출력으로부터 임의의 수의 샘플을 추출 할 의사가있는 경우, 원칙적으로 A 의 영속성을 어느 정도 까지 추정 할 수있다 n 개의 입력 광자가 처음 n 개의 다른 출력 포트 에서 나오는 횟수의 비율을 세어 정확도를 좋아 합니다. 경도 결과는 광자 수보다 훨씬 더 많은 모드 수의 체제에서 유지되므로 샘플링의 효율성에 관한 것이므로 BosonSampling과는 실제로 관련이 없습니다.nAnn
보손 샘플링
나는 boson 샘플링이 무엇인지에 대해 아주 간략하게 소개하려고 노력하지만 Aaronson 자신보다 더 나은 작업을 수행 할 수는 없다는 점에 유의해야하므로 그의 관련 블로그 게시물을 살펴 보는 것이 좋습니다. (예 : blog /? p = 473 및 blog /? p = 1177 ) 및 링크가 있습니다.
BosonSampling은 샘플링 문제입니다. 사람들이 일반적으로 명확한 답을 갖는 문제를 생각하는 데 더 익숙하다는 점에서 이것은 약간 혼란 스러울 수 있습니다. 표본 문제는 문제에 대한 해가 확률 분포에서 추출한 표본 세트 라는 점에서 다릅니다 .
실제로, 보손 샘플러가 해결하는 문제 는 특정 확률 분포에서 샘플링 하는 것입니다 . 보다 구체적으로, 가능한 결과 (많은-보손) 상태의 확률 분포로부터 샘플링 .
4 가지 모드로 간단한 예로서 2 개 광자가있는 경우를 고려하고,하자 우리가 할 입력 상태를 해결 말한다 (즉, 두 개의 제 입력 모드들 각각에 단일 광자). 각 모드에서 둘 이상의 광자가있는 출력 상태를 무시하면 ( 4(1,1,0,0)≡|1,1,0,0⟩(42)=6 possible output two-photon states:
(1,1,0,0),(1,0,1,0),(1,0,0,1),(0,1,1,0),(0,1,0,1) and (0,0,1,1).
Let us denote for convenience with oi,i=1,.,6 the i-th one (so, for example, o2=(1,0,1,0)).
Then, a possible solution to BosonSampling could be the series of outcomes:
o1,o4,o2,o2,o5.
To make an analogy to a maybe more familiar case, it's like saying that we want to sample from a Gaussian probability distribution.
This means that we want to find a sequence of numbers which, if we draw enough of them and put them into a histogram, will produce something close to a Gaussian.
Computing permanents
It turns out that the probability amplitude of a given input state |r⟩ to a given output state |s⟩ is (proportional to) the permanent of a suitable matrix built out of the unitary matrix characterizing the (single-boson) evolution.
More specifically, if R denotes the mode assignment list(1) associated to |r⟩, S that of |s⟩, and U is the unitary matrix describing the evolution, then the probability amplitude A(r→s) of going from |r⟩ to |s⟩ is given by
A(r→s)=1r!s!−−−√permU[R|S],
with
U[R|S] denoting the matrix built by taking from
U the rows specified by
R and the columns specified by
S.
Thus, considering the fixed input state |r0⟩, the probability distribution of the possible outcomes is given by the probabilities
ps=1r0!s!|permU[R|S]|2.
BosonSampling is the problem of drawing "points" according to this distribution.
This is not the same as computing the probabilities ps, or even computing the permanents themselves.
Indeed, computing the permanents of complex matrices is hard, and it is not expected even for quantum computers to be able to do it efficiently.
The gist of the matter is that sampling from a probability distribution is in general easier than computing the distribution itself.
While a naive way to sample from a distribution is to compute the probabilities (if not already known) and use those to draw the points, there might be smarter ways to do it.
A boson sampler is something that is able to draw points according to a specific probability distribution, even though the probabilities making up the distribution itself are not known (or better said, not efficiently computable).
Furthermore, while it may look like the ability to efficiently sample from a distribution should translate into the ability of efficiently estimating the underlying probabilities, this is not the case as soon as there are exponentially many possible outcomes.
This is indeed the case of boson sampling with uniformly random unitaries (that is, the original setting of BosonSampling), in which there are (mn) possible n-boson in m-modes output states (again, neglecting states with more than one boson in some mode). For m≫n, this number increases exponentially with n.
This means that, in practice, you would need to draw an exponential number of samples to even have a decent chance of seeing a single outcome more than once, let alone estimate with any decent accuracy the probabilities themselves (it is important to note that this is not the core reason for the hardness though, as the exponential number of possible outcomes could be overcome with smarter methods).
In some particular cases, it is possible to efficiently estimate the permanent of matrices using a boson sampling set-up. This will only be feasible if one of the submatrices has a large (i.e. not exponentially small) permanent associated with it, so that the input-output pair associated with it will happen frequently enough for an estimate to be feasible in polynomial time. This is a very atypical situation, and will not arise if you draw unitaries at random. For a trivial example, consider matrices that are very close to identity - the event in which all photons come out in the same modes they came in will correspond to a permanent which can be estimated experimentally. Besides only being feasible for some particular matrices, a careful analysis of the statistical error incurred in evaluating permanents in this way shows that this is not more efficient than known classical algorithms for approximating permanents (technically, within a small additive error) (2).
Columns involved
Let U be the unitary describing the one-boson evolution.
Then, basically by definition, the output amplitudes describing the evolution of a single photon entering in the k-th mode are in the k-th column of U.
The unitary describing the evolution of the many-boson states, however, is not actually U, but a bigger unitary, often denoted by φn(U), whose elements are computed from permanents of matrices built out of U.
Informally speaking though, if the input state has photons in, say, the first n modes, then naturally only the first n columns of U must be necessary (and sufficient) to describe the evolution, as the other columns will describe the evolution of photons entering in modes that we are not actually using.
(1) This is just another way to describe a many-boson state. Instead of characterizing the state as the list of occupation numbers for each mode (that is, number of bosons in first mode, number in second, etc.), we characterize the states by naming the mode occupied by each boson.
So, for example, the state (1,0,1,0) can be equivalently written as (1,3), and these are two equivalent ways to say that there is one boson in the first and one boson in the third mode.
(2): S. Aaronson and T. Hance. "Generalizing and Derandomizing Gurvits's Approximation Algorithm for the Permanent". https://eccc.weizmann.ac.il/report/2012/170/